What is Oxygen Saturation?

Oxygen saturation is a measure of the amount of hemoglobin that is bound to molecular oxygen at a given time point. It is an important parameter for managing patients in a clinical setup.

What is oxygen saturation?

Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of oxyhemoglobin (oxygen-bound hemoglobin) in the blood, and it is represented as arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). Oxygen saturation is a vital parameter to define blood oxygen content and oxygen delivery.
Each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups that can readily bind molecular oxygen present in the blood. This means that a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules during transport in the blood.
For adults, the normal range of SaO2 is 95 – 100%. A value lower than 90% is considered low oxygen saturation, which requires external oxygen supplementation.       
During aerobic metabolism, the body utilizes oxygen to convert glucose into pyruvate and generate two molecules of ATP. The oxygen content in the blood depends on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, which is a plot to define the percentage of saturated hemoglobin to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). A hemoglobin molecule becomes 100% saturated with oxygen (1.34 L of oxygen) at a PO2 of 100 mmHg.       
After binding each oxygen molecule, hemoglobin undergoes a conformational change that increases its affinity for the next oxygen molecule. Because of the high oxygen affinity, each hemoglobin molecule becomes rapidly saturated with oxygen; thus, the amount of free oxygen dissolved in the blood is only a very small fraction (2%) of the total oxygen present in the blood. Because of this, the level of oxyhemoglobin is considered equal to the blood oxygen content.

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